Observation, and penetration. Many stories are told

Ave of the seal ring, naturally a Jinn, to appear and carry out every
wish and order that Ma'aruf might give him. With the aid, then, of the
Jinn, Abu Al-Saddat by name, the Cobbler returns to his wife laden with
treasure and merchandise, and thus proves to all the doubters that he is
a true man. He pays all his debts, gives a great deal to the poor, and
bestows presents of an enormous value on his wife, her attendants, and
all the people of the Court. As a matter of course, all this prosperity
is followed by adversity. The King and his Wazir combine together, and
ask Ma'aruf to a garden-party, make him drunk, and get him to relate the
story of his success. Recklessly he shows the ring to the Wazir, who
gets hold of it, rubs it, and on the appearance of the slave of the
ring, orders him to carry off the Cobbler and cast him down in the
desert. The Wazir then orders the King to be treated in the same way,
while he himself seizes the Sultanate, and aspires to marry Ma'aruf's
wife, the King's daughter. With much interesting detail the story
relates how the Princess Dunya gets the ring into her possession, sends
the Wazir to prison, and rescues her father and her husband from the
desert. The W